GeoTIFF - Kerchunk Cookbook

Generating virutal datasets from GeoTiff files

Overview¶

In this tutorial we will cover:

How to generate virtual datasets from GeoTIFFs.
Combining virtual datasets.

Prerequisites¶

Concepts	Importance	Notes
Basics of virtual Zarr stores	Required	Core
Multi-file virtual datasets with VirtualiZarr	Required	Core
Parallel virtual dataset creation with VirtualiZarr, Kerchunk, and Dask	Required	Core
Introduction to Xarray	Required	IO/Visualization

Time to learn: 30 minutes

About the Dataset¶

The Finish Meterological Institute (FMI) Weather Radar Dataset is a collection of GeoTIFF files containing multiple radar specific variables, such as rainfall intensity, precipitation accumulation (in 1, 12 and 24 hour increments), radar reflectivity, radial velocity, rain classification and the cloud top height. It is available through the AWS public data portal and is updated frequently.

More details on this dataset can be found here.

import logging
from datetime import datetime

import dask
import fsspec
import rioxarray
import s3fs
import xarray as xr
from distributed import Client
from virtualizarr import open_virtual_dataset

Examining a Single GeoTIFF File¶

Before we use Kerchunk to create indices for multiple files, we can load a single GeoTiff file to examine it.

# URL pointing to a single GeoTIFF file
url = "s3://fmi-opendata-radar-geotiff/2023/07/01/FIN-ACRR-3067-1KM/202307010100_FIN-ACRR1H-3067-1KM.tif"

# Initialize a s3 filesystem
fs = s3fs.S3FileSystem(anon=True)

xds = rioxarray.open_rasterio(fs.open(url))

xds

xds.isel(band=0).where(xds < 2000).plot()

Create Input File List¶

Here we are using fsspec's glob functionality along with the * wildcard operator and some string slicing to grab a list of GeoTIFF files from a s3 fsspec filesystem.

# Initiate fsspec filesystems for reading
fs_read = fsspec.filesystem("s3", anon=True, skip_instance_cache=True)

files_paths = fs_read.glob(
    "s3://fmi-opendata-radar-geotiff/2023/01/01/FIN-ACRR-3067-1KM/*24H-3067-1KM.tif"
)
# Here we prepend the prefix 's3://', which points to AWS.
files_paths = sorted(["s3://" + f for f in files_paths])

Start a Dask Client¶

To parallelize the creation of our reference files, we will use Dask. For a detailed guide on how to use Dask and Kerchunk, see the Foundations notebook: Kerchunk and Dask.

client = Client(n_workers=8, silence_logs=logging.ERROR)
client

def generate_virtual_dataset(file):
    storage_options = dict(
        anon=True, default_fill_cache=False, default_cache_type="none"
    )
    vds = open_virtual_dataset(
        file,
        indexes={},
        filetype="tiff",
        reader_options={
            "remote_options": {"anon": True},
            "storage_options": storage_options,
        },
    )
    # Pre-process virtual datasets to extract time step information from the filename
    subst = file.split("/")[-1].split(".json")[0].split("_")[0]
    time_val = datetime.strptime(subst, "%Y%m%d%H%M")
    vds = vds.expand_dims(dim={"time": [time_val]})
    # Only include the raw data, not the overviews
    vds = vds[["0"]]
    return vds

# Generate Dask Delayed objects
tasks = [dask.delayed(generate_virtual_dataset)(file) for file in files_paths]

# Start parallel processing
import warnings

warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
virtual_datasets = dask.compute(*tasks)

2026-08-26 00:57:11,606 - distributed.worker - ERROR - Compute Failed
Key:       generate_virtual_dataset-ae277b2d-bbec-4924-a2f7-0362bfdeb100
State:     executing
Task:  <Task 'generate_virtual_dataset-ae277b2d-bbec-4924-a2f7-0362bfdeb100' generate_virtual_dataset(...)>
Exception: 'TypeError("open_virtual_dataset() got an unexpected keyword argument \'indexes\'")'
Traceback: '  File "/tmp/ipykernel_5289/4131322973.py", line 5, in generate_virtual_dataset\n'

2026-08-26 00:57:11,622 - distributed.worker - ERROR - Compute Failed
Key:       generate_virtual_dataset-4d2b8bdf-9f53-4cdc-bb89-d15a50141a7a
State:     executing
Task:  <Task 'generate_virtual_dataset-4d2b8bdf-9f53-4cdc-bb89-d15a50141a7a' generate_virtual_dataset(...)>
Exception: 'TypeError("open_virtual_dataset() got an unexpected keyword argument \'indexes\'")'
Traceback: '  File "/tmp/ipykernel_5289/4131322973.py", line 5, in generate_virtual_dataset\n'

2026-08-26 00:57:11,630 - distributed.worker - ERROR - Compute Failed
Key:       generate_virtual_dataset-46b6c6e4-e5a7-46f0-81ef-ea1e1e3f464d
State:     executing
Task:  <Task 'generate_virtual_dataset-46b6c6e4-e5a7-46f0-81ef-ea1e1e3f464d' generate_virtual_dataset(...)>
Exception: 'TypeError("open_virtual_dataset() got an unexpected keyword argument \'indexes\'")'
Traceback: '  File "/tmp/ipykernel_5289/4131322973.py", line 5, in generate_virtual_dataset\n'

2026-08-26 00:57:11,635 - distributed.worker - ERROR - Compute Failed
Key:       generate_virtual_dataset-31c8eac8-ce75-44e0-b653-efd04c8570a8
State:     executing
Task:  <Task 'generate_virtual_dataset-31c8eac8-ce75-44e0-b653-efd04c8570a8' generate_virtual_dataset(...)>
Exception: 'TypeError("open_virtual_dataset() got an unexpected keyword argument \'indexes\'")'
Traceback: '  File "/tmp/ipykernel_5289/4131322973.py", line 5, in generate_virtual_dataset\n'

2026-08-26 00:57:11,647 - distributed.worker - ERROR - Compute Failed
Key:       generate_virtual_dataset-1b087c52-5c07-49ed-a632-9e4e7ff244d9
State:     executing
Task:  <Task 'generate_virtual_dataset-1b087c52-5c07-49ed-a632-9e4e7ff244d9' generate_virtual_dataset(...)>
Exception: 'TypeError("open_virtual_dataset() got an unexpected keyword argument \'indexes\'")'
Traceback: '  File "/tmp/ipykernel_5289/4131322973.py", line 5, in generate_virtual_dataset\n'

2026-08-26 00:57:11,694 - distributed.worker - ERROR - Compute Failed
Key:       generate_virtual_dataset-b91509f8-b432-4114-8240-6b677a969e66
State:     executing
Task:  <Task 'generate_virtual_dataset-b91509f8-b432-4114-8240-6b677a969e66' generate_virtual_dataset(...)>
Exception: 'TypeError("open_virtual_dataset() got an unexpected keyword argument \'indexes\'")'
Traceback: '  File "/tmp/ipykernel_5289/4131322973.py", line 5, in generate_virtual_dataset\n'

2026-08-26 00:57:11,915 - distributed.worker - ERROR - Compute Failed
Key:       generate_virtual_dataset-da1f5574-edb2-4945-b2aa-a9801acbaa3e
State:     executing
Task:  <Task 'generate_virtual_dataset-da1f5574-edb2-4945-b2aa-a9801acbaa3e' generate_virtual_dataset(...)>
Exception: 'TypeError("open_virtual_dataset() got an unexpected keyword argument \'indexes\'")'
Traceback: '  File "/tmp/ipykernel_5289/4131322973.py", line 5, in generate_virtual_dataset\n'

2026-08-26 00:57:11,951 - distributed.worker - ERROR - Compute Failed
Key:       generate_virtual_dataset-f67abbd1-3944-4c36-bf42-941a7a25e6fc
State:     executing
Task:  <Task 'generate_virtual_dataset-f67abbd1-3944-4c36-bf42-941a7a25e6fc' generate_virtual_dataset(...)>
Exception: 'TypeError("open_virtual_dataset() got an unexpected keyword argument \'indexes\'")'
Traceback: '  File "/tmp/ipykernel_5289/4131322973.py", line 5, in generate_virtual_dataset\n'

2026-08-26 00:57:12,047 - distributed.worker - ERROR - Compute Failed
Key:       generate_virtual_dataset-9e6c3923-0912-4a42-a02f-c90d3bc847ec
State:     executing
Task:  <Task 'generate_virtual_dataset-9e6c3923-0912-4a42-a02f-c90d3bc847ec' generate_virtual_dataset(...)>
Exception: 'TypeError("open_virtual_dataset() got an unexpected keyword argument \'indexes\'")'
Traceback: '  File "/tmp/ipykernel_5289/4131322973.py", line 5, in generate_virtual_dataset\n'

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[9], line 5
      1 # Start parallel processing
      2 import warnings
      3 
      4 warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
----> 5 virtual_datasets = dask.compute(*tasks)

File ~/micromamba/envs/kerchunk-cookbook/lib/python3.14/site-packages/dask/base.py:769, in compute(traverse, optimize_graph, scheduler, get, *args, **kwargs)
    766     expr = expr.optimize()
    767     keys = list(flatten(expr.__dask_keys__()))
--> 769     results = schedule(expr, keys, **kwargs)
    771 return repack(results)

Cell In[7], line 5
----> 5     vds = open_virtual_dataset(
      6         file,
      7         indexes={},
      8         filetype="tiff",

TypeError: open_virtual_dataset() got an unexpected keyword argument 'indexes'

Combine virtual datasets¶

combined_vds = xr.concat(virtual_datasets, dim="time")
combined_vds

Shut down the Dask cluster¶

client.shutdown()