Ocean iron concentration - Ocean Biogeochemistry Cookbook

Overview¶

Iron is one of the most important micronutrients in the ocean, limiting production in some areas. In this notebook, we make a map of iron concentration and compare it to observational data.

General setup
Subsetting
Processing - long-term mean
Comparing to observational data

Prerequisites¶

Concepts	Importance	Notes
Matplotlib	Necessary
Intro to Cartopy	Necessary
Dask Cookbook	Helpful
Intro to Xarray	Helpful

Time to learn: 15 min

Imports¶

import xarray as xr
import glob
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import cartopy
import cartopy.crs as ccrs
import pop_tools
from dask.distributed import LocalCluster
import pandas as pd
import s3fs

from module import adjust_pop_grid

/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/pop_tools/__init__.py:4: UserWarning: pkg_resources is deprecated as an API. See https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/pkg_resources.html. The pkg_resources package is slated for removal as early as 2025-11-30. Refrain from using this package or pin to Setuptools<81.
  from pkg_resources import DistributionNotFound, get_distribution

General setup (see intro notebooks for explanations)¶

Connect to cluster¶

cluster = LocalCluster()
client = cluster.get_client()

/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/node.py:187: UserWarning: Port 8787 is already in use.
Perhaps you already have a cluster running?
Hosting the HTTP server on port 38931 instead
  warnings.warn(

Bring in POP grid utilities¶

ds_grid = pop_tools.get_grid('POP_gx1v7')
lons = ds_grid.TLONG
lats = ds_grid.TLAT
depths = ds_grid.z_t * 0.01

Downloading file 'inputdata/ocn/pop/gx1v7/grid/horiz_grid_20010402.ieeer8' from 'https://svn-ccsm-inputdata.cgd.ucar.edu/trunk/inputdata/ocn/pop/gx1v7/grid/horiz_grid_20010402.ieeer8' to '/home/runner/.pop_tools'.

/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:1097: InsecureRequestWarning: Unverified HTTPS request is being made to host 'svn-ccsm-inputdata.cgd.ucar.edu'. Adding certificate verification is strongly advised. See: https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced-usage.html#tls-warnings
  warnings.warn(

Load the data¶

jetstream_url = 'https://js2.jetstream-cloud.org:8001/'

s3 = s3fs.S3FileSystem(anon=True, client_kwargs=dict(endpoint_url=jetstream_url))

# Generate a list of all files in CESM folder
s3path = 's3://pythia/ocean-bgc/cesm/g.e22.GOMIPECOIAF_JRA-1p4-2018.TL319_g17.4p2z.002branch/ocn/proc/tseries/month_1/*'
remote_files = s3.glob(s3path)
s3.invalidate_cache()

# Open all files from folder
fileset = [s3.open(file) for file in remote_files]

# Open with xarray
ds = xr.open_mfdataset(fileset, data_vars="minimal", coords='minimal', compat="override", parallel=True,
                       drop_variables=["transport_components", "transport_regions", 'moc_components'], decode_times=True)

ds

Fetching long content....

2025-09-07 01:51:07,030 - distributed.protocol.pickle - ERROR - Failed to serialize <xarray.Dataset> Size: 61MB
Dimensions:                      (time: 120, nlat: 384, nlon: 320)
Coordinates:
    TLAT                         (nlat, nlon) float64 983kB dask.array<chunksize=(384, 320), meta=np.ndarray>
    TLONG                        (nlat, nlon) float64 983kB dask.array<chunksize=(384, 320), meta=np.ndarray>
  * time                         (time) object 960B 2010-01-16 12:00:00 ... 2...
Dimensions without coordinates: nlat, nlon
Data variables:
    diat_P_lim_Cweight_avg_100m  (time, nlat, nlon) float32 59MB dask.array<chunksize=(60, 192, 160), meta=np.ndarray>.
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 63, in dumps
    result = pickle.dumps(x, **dump_kwargs)
TypeError: cannot pickle 'module' object

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 68, in dumps
    pickler.dump(x)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^
TypeError: cannot pickle 'module' object

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 80, in dumps
    result = cloudpickle.dumps(x, **dump_kwargs)
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1537, in dumps
    cp.dump(obj)
    ~~~~~~~^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1303, in dump
    return super().dump(obj)
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/h5py/_hl/base.py", line 369, in __getnewargs__
    raise TypeError("h5py objects cannot be pickled")
TypeError: h5py objects cannot be pickled
2025-09-07 01:51:07,035 - distributed.protocol.pickle - ERROR - Failed to serialize <xarray.Dataset> Size: 61MB
Dimensions:         (time: 120, nlat: 384, nlon: 320)
Coordinates:
    TLAT            (nlat, nlon) float64 983kB dask.array<chunksize=(384, 320), meta=np.ndarray>
    TLONG           (nlat, nlon) float64 983kB dask.array<chunksize=(384, 320), meta=np.ndarray>
  * time            (time) object 960B 2010-01-16 12:00:00 ... 2019-12-16 12:...
Dimensions without coordinates: nlat, nlon
Data variables:
    photoC_sp_zint  (time, nlat, nlon) float32 59MB dask.array<chunksize=(60, 192, 160), meta=np.ndarray>.
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 63, in dumps
    result = pickle.dumps(x, **dump_kwargs)
TypeError: cannot pickle 'module' object

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 68, in dumps
    pickler.dump(x)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^
TypeError: cannot pickle 'module' object

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 80, in dumps
    result = cloudpickle.dumps(x, **dump_kwargs)
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1537, in dumps
    cp.dump(obj)
    ~~~~~~~^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1303, in dump
    return super().dump(obj)
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/h5py/_hl/base.py", line 369, in __getnewargs__
    raise TypeError("h5py objects cannot be pickled")
TypeError: h5py objects cannot be pickled
2025-09-07 01:51:07,040 - distributed.protocol.pickle - ERROR - Failed to serialize <bound method H5NetCDFStore.close of <xarray.backends.h5netcdf_.H5NetCDFStore object at 0x7fbb422209a0>>.
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 63, in dumps
    result = pickle.dumps(x, **dump_kwargs)
TypeError: cannot pickle 'module' object

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 68, in dumps
    pickler.dump(x)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^
TypeError: cannot pickle 'module' object

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 80, in dumps
    result = cloudpickle.dumps(x, **dump_kwargs)
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1537, in dumps
    cp.dump(obj)
    ~~~~~~~^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1303, in dump
    return super().dump(obj)
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/h5py/_hl/base.py", line 369, in __getnewargs__
    raise TypeError("h5py objects cannot be pickled")
TypeError: h5py objects cannot be pickled
2025-09-07 01:51:07,051 - distributed.protocol.pickle - ERROR - Failed to serialize <bound method H5NetCDFStore.close of <xarray.backends.h5netcdf_.H5NetCDFStore object at 0x7fbb4205bbe0>>.
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 63, in dumps
    result = pickle.dumps(x, **dump_kwargs)
TypeError: cannot pickle 'module' object

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 68, in dumps
    pickler.dump(x)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^
TypeError: cannot pickle 'module' object

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 80, in dumps
    result = cloudpickle.dumps(x, **dump_kwargs)
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1537, in dumps
    cp.dump(obj)
    ~~~~~~~^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1303, in dump
    return super().dump(obj)
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/h5py/_hl/base.py", line 369, in __getnewargs__
    raise TypeError("h5py objects cannot be pickled")
TypeError: h5py objects cannot be pickled
2025-09-07 01:51:07,055 - distributed.protocol.pickle - ERROR - Failed to serialize <bound method H5NetCDFStore.close of <xarray.backends.h5netcdf_.H5NetCDFStore object at 0x7fb8dabc33a0>>.
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 63, in dumps
    result = pickle.dumps(x, **dump_kwargs)
TypeError: cannot pickle 'module' object

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 68, in dumps
    pickler.dump(x)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^
TypeError: cannot pickle 'module' object

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 80, in dumps
    result = cloudpickle.dumps(x, **dump_kwargs)
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1537, in dumps
    cp.dump(obj)
    ~~~~~~~^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1303, in dump
    return super().dump(obj)
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/h5py/_hl/base.py", line 369, in __getnewargs__
    raise TypeError("h5py objects cannot be pickled")
TypeError: h5py objects cannot be pickled
2025-09-07 01:51:07,057 - distributed.protocol.pickle - ERROR - Failed to serialize <bound method H5NetCDFStore.close of <xarray.backends.h5netcdf_.H5NetCDFStore object at 0x7fbb41fd4280>>.
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 63, in dumps
    result = pickle.dumps(x, **dump_kwargs)
TypeError: cannot pickle 'module' object

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 68, in dumps
    pickler.dump(x)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^
TypeError: cannot pickle 'module' object

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 80, in dumps
    result = cloudpickle.dumps(x, **dump_kwargs)
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1537, in dumps
    cp.dump(obj)
    ~~~~~~~^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1303, in dump
    return super().dump(obj)
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/h5py/_hl/base.py", line 369, in __getnewargs__
    raise TypeError("h5py objects cannot be pickled")
TypeError: h5py objects cannot be pickled
2025-09-07 01:51:07,065 - distributed.protocol.pickle - ERROR - Failed to serialize <xarray.Dataset> Size: 61MB
Dimensions:         (time: 120, nlat: 384, nlon: 320)
Coordinates:
    TLAT            (nlat, nlon) float64 983kB dask.array<chunksize=(384, 320), meta=np.ndarray>
    TLONG           (nlat, nlon) float64 983kB dask.array<chunksize=(384, 320), meta=np.ndarray>
  * time            (time) object 960B 2010-01-16 12:00:00 ... 2019-12-16 12:...
Dimensions without coordinates: nlat, nlon
Data variables:
    sp_Fe_lim_surf  (time, nlat, nlon) float32 59MB dask.array<chunksize=(60, 192, 160), meta=np.ndarray>.
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 63, in dumps
    result = pickle.dumps(x, **dump_kwargs)
TypeError: cannot pickle 'module' object

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 68, in dumps
    pickler.dump(x)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^
TypeError: cannot pickle 'module' object

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 80, in dumps
    result = cloudpickle.dumps(x, **dump_kwargs)
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1537, in dumps
    cp.dump(obj)
    ~~~~~~~^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1303, in dump
    return super().dump(obj)
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/h5py/_hl/base.py", line 369, in __getnewargs__
    raise TypeError("h5py objects cannot be pickled")
TypeError: h5py objects cannot be pickled
2025-09-07 01:51:07,072 - distributed.protocol.pickle - ERROR - Failed to serialize <xarray.Dataset> Size: 887MB
Dimensions:   (time: 120, z_t_150m: 15, nlat: 384, nlon: 320)
Coordinates:
    TLAT      (nlat, nlon) float64 983kB dask.array<chunksize=(384, 320), meta=np.ndarray>
    TLONG     (nlat, nlon) float64 983kB dask.array<chunksize=(384, 320), meta=np.ndarray>
  * time      (time) object 960B 2010-01-16 12:00:00 ... 2019-12-16 12:00:00
  * z_t_150m  (z_t_150m) float32 60B 500.0 1.5e+03 2.5e+03 ... 1.35e+04 1.45e+04
Dimensions without coordinates: nlat, nlon
Data variables:
    coccoC    (time, z_t_150m, nlat, nlon) float32 885MB dask.array<chunksize=(40, 5, 128, 107), meta=np.ndarray>.
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 63, in dumps
    result = pickle.dumps(x, **dump_kwargs)
TypeError: cannot pickle 'module' object

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 68, in dumps
    pickler.dump(x)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^
TypeError: cannot pickle 'module' object

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 80, in dumps
    result = cloudpickle.dumps(x, **dump_kwargs)
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1537, in dumps
    cp.dump(obj)
    ~~~~~~~^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1303, in dump
    return super().dump(obj)
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/h5py/_hl/base.py", line 369, in __getnewargs__
    raise TypeError("h5py objects cannot be pickled")
TypeError: h5py objects cannot be pickled
2025-09-07 01:51:07,088 - distributed.protocol.pickle - ERROR - Failed to serialize <bound method H5NetCDFStore.close of <xarray.backends.h5netcdf_.H5NetCDFStore object at 0x7fb8dab5b7c0>>.
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 63, in dumps
    result = pickle.dumps(x, **dump_kwargs)
TypeError: cannot pickle 'module' object

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 68, in dumps
    pickler.dump(x)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^
TypeError: cannot pickle 'module' object

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 80, in dumps
    result = cloudpickle.dumps(x, **dump_kwargs)
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1537, in dumps
    cp.dump(obj)
    ~~~~~~~^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1303, in dump
    return super().dump(obj)
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/h5py/_hl/base.py", line 369, in __getnewargs__
    raise TypeError("h5py objects cannot be pickled")
TypeError: h5py objects cannot be pickled
2025-09-07 01:51:07,085 - distributed.protocol.pickle - ERROR - Failed to serialize <bound method H5NetCDFStore.close of <xarray.backends.h5netcdf_.H5NetCDFStore object at 0x7fbb41d4b700>>.
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 63, in dumps
    result = pickle.dumps(x, **dump_kwargs)
TypeError: cannot pickle 'module' object

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 68, in dumps
    pickler.dump(x)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^
TypeError: cannot pickle 'module' object

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 80, in dumps
    result = cloudpickle.dumps(x, **dump_kwargs)
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1537, in dumps
    cp.dump(obj)
    ~~~~~~~^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1303, in dump
    return super().dump(obj)
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/h5py/_hl/base.py", line 369, in __getnewargs__
    raise TypeError("h5py objects cannot be pickled")
TypeError: h5py objects cannot be pickled
2025-09-07 01:51:07,098 - distributed.protocol.pickle - ERROR - Failed to serialize <bound method H5NetCDFStore.close of <xarray.backends.h5netcdf_.H5NetCDFStore object at 0x7fbb4244fc40>>.
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 63, in dumps
    result = pickle.dumps(x, **dump_kwargs)
TypeError: cannot pickle 'module' object

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 68, in dumps
    pickler.dump(x)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^
TypeError: cannot pickle 'module' object

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 80, in dumps
    result = cloudpickle.dumps(x, **dump_kwargs)
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1537, in dumps
    cp.dump(obj)
    ~~~~~~~^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1303, in dump
    return super().dump(obj)
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/h5py/_hl/base.py", line 369, in __getnewargs__
    raise TypeError("h5py objects cannot be pickled")
TypeError: h5py objects cannot be pickled
2025-09-07 01:51:07,096 - distributed.protocol.pickle - ERROR - Failed to serialize <xarray.Dataset> Size: 61MB
Dimensions:             (time: 120, nlat: 384, nlon: 320)
Coordinates:
    TLAT                (nlat, nlon) float64 983kB dask.array<chunksize=(384, 320), meta=np.ndarray>
    TLONG               (nlat, nlon) float64 983kB dask.array<chunksize=(384, 320), meta=np.ndarray>
  * time                (time) object 960B 2010-01-16 12:00:00 ... 2019-12-16...
Dimensions without coordinates: nlat, nlon
Data variables:
    diat_SiO3_lim_surf  (time, nlat, nlon) float32 59MB dask.array<chunksize=(60, 192, 160), meta=np.ndarray>.
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 63, in dumps
    result = pickle.dumps(x, **dump_kwargs)
TypeError: cannot pickle 'module' object

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 68, in dumps
    pickler.dump(x)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^
TypeError: cannot pickle 'module' object

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 80, in dumps
    result = cloudpickle.dumps(x, **dump_kwargs)
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1537, in dumps
    cp.dump(obj)
    ~~~~~~~^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1303, in dump
    return super().dump(obj)
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/h5py/_hl/base.py", line 369, in __getnewargs__
    raise TypeError("h5py objects cannot be pickled")
TypeError: h5py objects cannot be pickled
2025-09-07 01:51:07,125 - distributed.protocol.pickle - ERROR - Failed to serialize <bound method H5NetCDFStore.close of <xarray.backends.h5netcdf_.H5NetCDFStore object at 0x7fb8dad65b40>>.
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 63, in dumps
    result = pickle.dumps(x, **dump_kwargs)
TypeError: cannot pickle 'module' object

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 68, in dumps
    pickler.dump(x)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^
TypeError: cannot pickle 'module' object

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 80, in dumps
    result = cloudpickle.dumps(x, **dump_kwargs)
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1537, in dumps
    cp.dump(obj)
    ~~~~~~~^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1303, in dump
    return super().dump(obj)
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/h5py/_hl/base.py", line 369, in __getnewargs__
    raise TypeError("h5py objects cannot be pickled")
TypeError: h5py objects cannot be pickled

2025-09-07 01:51:07,258 - distributed.protocol.core - CRITICAL - Failed to deserialize
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/core.py", line 175, in loads
    return msgpack.loads(
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
        frames[0], object_hook=_decode_default, use_list=False, **msgpack_opts
        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    )
    ^
  File "msgpack/_unpacker.pyx", line 194, in msgpack._cmsgpack.unpackb
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/core.py", line 159, in _decode_default
    return merge_and_deserialize(
        sub_header, sub_frames, deserializers=deserializers
    )
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/contextlib.py", line 85, in inner
    return func(*args, **kwds)
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/serialize.py", line 525, in merge_and_deserialize
    return deserialize(header, merged_frames, deserializers=deserializers)
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/serialize.py", line 452, in deserialize
    return loads(header, frames)
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/serialize.py", line 195, in serialization_error_loads
    raise TypeError(msg)
TypeError: Could not serialize object of type Dataset
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 63, in dumps
    result = pickle.dumps(x, **dump_kwargs)
TypeError: cannot pickle 'module' object

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 68, in dumps
    pickler.dump(x)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^
TypeError: cannot pickle 'module' object

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/serialize.py", line 366, in serialize
    header, frames = dumps(x, context=context) if wants_context else dumps(x)
                     ~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/serialize.py", line 78, in pickle_dumps
    frames[0] = pickle.dumps(
                ~~~~~~~~~~~~^
        x,
        ^^
        buffer_callback=buffer_callback,
        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        protocol=context.get("pickle-protocol", None) if context else None,
        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    )
    ^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 80, in dumps
    result = cloudpickle.dumps(x, **dump_kwargs)
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1537, in dumps
    cp.dump(obj)
    ~~~~~~~^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1303, in dump
    return super().dump(obj)
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/h5py/_hl/base.py", line 369, in __getnewargs__
    raise TypeError("h5py objects cannot be pickled")
TypeError: h5py objects cannot be pickled

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[4], line 14
     11 fileset = [s3.open(file) for file in remote_files]
     13 # Open with xarray
---> 14 ds = xr.open_mfdataset(fileset, data_vars="minimal", coords='minimal', compat="override", parallel=True,
     15                        drop_variables=["transport_components", "transport_regions", 'moc_components'], decode_times=True)
     17 ds

File ~/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/xarray/backends/api.py:1812, in open_mfdataset(paths, chunks, concat_dim, compat, preprocess, engine, data_vars, coords, combine, parallel, join, attrs_file, combine_attrs, errors, **kwargs)
   1807     datasets = [preprocess(ds) for ds in datasets]
   1809 if parallel:
   1810     # calling compute here will return the datasets/file_objs lists,
   1811     # the underlying datasets will still be stored as dask arrays
-> 1812     datasets, closers = dask.compute(datasets, closers)
   1814 # Combine all datasets, closing them in case of a ValueError
   1815 try:

File ~/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/dask/base.py:681, in compute(traverse, optimize_graph, scheduler, get, *args, **kwargs)
    678     expr = expr.optimize()
    679     keys = list(flatten(expr.__dask_keys__()))
--> 681     results = schedule(expr, keys, **kwargs)
    683 return repack(results)

File ~/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/utils_comm.py:416, in retry_operation(coro, operation, *args, **kwargs)
    410 retry_delay_min = parse_timedelta(
    411     dask.config.get("distributed.comm.retry.delay.min"), default="s"
    412 )
    413 retry_delay_max = parse_timedelta(
    414     dask.config.get("distributed.comm.retry.delay.max"), default="s"
    415 )
--> 416 return await retry(
    417     partial(coro, *args, **kwargs),
    418     count=retry_count,
    419     delay_min=retry_delay_min,
    420     delay_max=retry_delay_max,
    421     operation=operation,
    422 )

File ~/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/utils_comm.py:395, in retry(coro, count, delay_min, delay_max, jitter_fraction, retry_on_exceptions, operation)
    393             delay *= 1 + random.random() * jitter_fraction
    394         await asyncio.sleep(delay)
--> 395 return await coro()

File ~/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/core.py:1259, in PooledRPCCall.__getattr__.<locals>.send_recv_from_rpc(**kwargs)
   1257 prev_name, comm.name = comm.name, "ConnectionPool." + key
   1258 try:
-> 1259     return await send_recv(comm=comm, op=key, **kwargs)
   1260 finally:
   1261     self.pool.reuse(self.addr, comm)

File ~/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/core.py:1018, in send_recv(comm, reply, serializers, deserializers, **kwargs)
   1016 await comm.write(msg, serializers=serializers, on_error="raise")
   1017 if reply:
-> 1018     response = await comm.read(deserializers=deserializers)
   1019 else:
   1020     response = None

File ~/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/comm/tcp.py:248, in TCP.read(self, deserializers)
    246 else:
    247     try:
--> 248         msg = await from_frames(
    249             frames,
    250             deserialize=self.deserialize,
    251             deserializers=deserializers,
    252             allow_offload=self.allow_offload,
    253         )
    254     except EOFError:
    255         # Frames possibly garbled or truncated by communication error
    256         self.abort()

File ~/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/comm/utils.py:78, in from_frames(frames, deserialize, deserializers, allow_offload)
     76     res = await offload(_from_frames)
     77 else:
---> 78     res = _from_frames()
     80 return res

File ~/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/comm/utils.py:61, in from_frames.<locals>._from_frames()
     59 def _from_frames():
     60     try:
---> 61         return protocol.loads(
     62             frames, deserialize=deserialize, deserializers=deserializers
     63         )
     64     except EOFError:
     65         if size > 1000:

File ~/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/core.py:175, in loads(frames, deserialize, deserializers)
    172             return pickle.loads(sub_header["pickled-obj"], buffers=sub_frames)
    173         return msgpack_decode_default(obj)
--> 175     return msgpack.loads(
    176         frames[0], object_hook=_decode_default, use_list=False, **msgpack_opts
    177     )
    179 except Exception:
    180     logger.critical("Failed to deserialize", exc_info=True)

File msgpack/_unpacker.pyx:194, in msgpack._cmsgpack.unpackb()

File ~/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/core.py:159, in loads.<locals>._decode_default(obj)
    157     if "compression" in sub_header:
    158         sub_frames = decompress(sub_header, sub_frames)
--> 159     return merge_and_deserialize(
    160         sub_header, sub_frames, deserializers=deserializers
    161     )
    162 else:
    163     return Serialized(sub_header, sub_frames)

File ~/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/contextlib.py:85, in ContextDecorator.__call__.<locals>.inner(*args, **kwds)
     82 @wraps(func)
     83 def inner(*args, **kwds):
     84     with self._recreate_cm():
---> 85         return func(*args, **kwds)

File ~/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/serialize.py:525, in merge_and_deserialize(header, frames, deserializers)
    521             merged = host_array_from_buffers(subframes)
    523         merged_frames.append(merged)
--> 525 return deserialize(header, merged_frames, deserializers=deserializers)

File ~/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/serialize.py:452, in deserialize(header, frames, deserializers)
    447     raise TypeError(
    448         "Data serialized with %s but only able to deserialize "
    449         "data with %s" % (name, str(list(deserializers)))
    450     )
    451 dumps, loads, wants_context = families[name]
--> 452 return loads(header, frames)

File ~/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/serialize.py:195, in serialization_error_loads(header, frames)
    193 def serialization_error_loads(header, frames):
    194     msg = "\n".join([codecs.decode(frame, "utf8") for frame in frames])
--> 195     raise TypeError(msg)

TypeError: Could not serialize object of type Dataset
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 63, in dumps
    result = pickle.dumps(x, **dump_kwargs)
TypeError: cannot pickle 'module' object

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 68, in dumps
    pickler.dump(x)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^
TypeError: cannot pickle 'module' object

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/serialize.py", line 366, in serialize
    header, frames = dumps(x, context=context) if wants_context else dumps(x)
                     ~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/serialize.py", line 78, in pickle_dumps
    frames[0] = pickle.dumps(
                ~~~~~~~~~~~~^
        x,
        ^^
        buffer_callback=buffer_callback,
        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        protocol=context.get("pickle-protocol", None) if context else None,
        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    )
    ^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/distributed/protocol/pickle.py", line 80, in dumps
    result = cloudpickle.dumps(x, **dump_kwargs)
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1537, in dumps
    cp.dump(obj)
    ~~~~~~~^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1303, in dump
    return super().dump(obj)
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^
  File "/home/runner/micromamba/envs/ocean-bgc-cookbook-dev/lib/python3.13/site-packages/h5py/_hl/base.py", line 369, in __getnewargs__
    raise TypeError("h5py objects cannot be pickled")
TypeError: h5py objects cannot be pickled

Subsetting¶

variables =['Fe']

keep_vars=['z_t','z_t_150m','dz','time_bound', 'time','TAREA','TLAT','TLONG'] + variables
ds = ds.drop_vars([v for v in ds.variables if v not in keep_vars])

ds.Fe.isel(time=0,z_t=0).plot()

Processing - long-term mean¶

Pull in the function we defined in the nutrients notebook...

def year_mean(ds):
    """
    Properly convert monthly data to annual means, taking into account month lengths.
    Source: https://ncar.github.io/esds/posts/2021/yearly-averages-xarray/
    """
    
    # Make a DataArray with the number of days in each month, size = len(time)
    month_length = ds.time.dt.days_in_month

    # Calculate the weights by grouping by 'time.year'
    weights = (
        month_length.groupby("time.year") / month_length.groupby("time.year").sum()
    )

    # Test that the sum of the year for each season is 1.0
    np.testing.assert_allclose(weights.groupby("time.year").sum().values, np.ones((len(ds.groupby("time.year")), )))

    # Calculate the weighted average
    return (ds * weights).groupby("time.year").sum(dim="time")

Take the long-term mean of our data set. We process monthly to annual data with our custom function, then use xarray’s built-in .mean() function to process from annual data to a single mean over time, since each year is the same length.

ds = year_mean(ds).mean("year")

nmolcm3_to_nM = 1.e3
ds['Fe'] = ds['Fe'] * nmolcm3_to_nM
ds['Fe'].attrs['units'] = 'nM'

Compare to observational Fe database¶

This dataset includes observations from the following papers:

as collected by Long et al., 2021 -- see this paper for details.

fe_obs_path = 's3://pythia/ocean-bgc/obs/dFe-database-2021-05-20.csv'

fe_obs = s3.open(fe_obs_path)

df = pd.read_csv(fe_obs, na_values=-999.).dropna(axis=0, how='all')

df

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(16,5))

fig.suptitle("Surface iron concentration comparison")

### CESM
ax = fig.add_subplot(1,2,1, projection=ccrs.Robinson(central_longitude=305.0))
lon, lat, field = adjust_pop_grid(lons, lats,  ds.Fe.isel(z_t=0))
pc=ax.pcolormesh(lon, lat, field, cmap='plasma',vmin=0,vmax=3,transform=ccrs.PlateCarree())
land = cartopy.feature.NaturalEarthFeature('physical', 'land', scale='110m', edgecolor='k', facecolor='white', linewidth=0.5)
ax.add_feature(land)
ax.set_title('CESM Fe at surface', fontsize=10)


### obs
ax = fig.add_subplot(1,2,2, projection=ccrs.Robinson(central_longitude=305.0))
ax.coastlines('10m',linewidth=0.5)
ax.set_title('Obs Fe at surface', fontsize=10)


df_sub = df.loc[(df.depth <= 2.5)]
sc = ax.scatter(df_sub.lon, df_sub.lat, c=df_sub.dFe_obs.values,
                cmap='plasma',
                vmin=0, vmax=3, 
                transform=ccrs.PlateCarree())

fig.subplots_adjust(right=0.8)
cbar_ax = fig.add_axes([0.85, 0.15, 0.02, 0.7])
fig.colorbar(pc, cax=cbar_ax, label='Fe (nM)')

And close the Dask cluster we spun up at the beginning.

cluster.close()

Summary¶

You’ve learned how to make a map of ocean iron and compare it to observations.

Resources and references¶

References¶

Schlitzer, R., Anderson, R. F., Dodas, E. M., Lohan, M., Geibert, W., Tagliabue, A., Bowie, A., Jeandel, C., Maldonado, M. T., Landing, W. M., Cockwell, D., Abadie, C., Abouchami, W., Achterberg, E. P., Agather, A., Aguliar-Islas, A., van Aken, H. M., Andersen, M., Archer, C., … Zurbrick, C. (2018). The GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Product 2017. Chemical Geology, 493, 210–223. 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.05.040
Moore, J. K., & Braucher, O. (2008). Sedimentary and mineral dust sources of dissolved iron to the world ocean. Biogeosciences, 5(3), 631–656. 10.5194/bg-5-631-2008
Tagliabue, A., Mtshali, T., Aumont, O., Bowie, A. R., Klunder, M. B., Roychoudhury, A. N., & Swart, S. (2012). A global compilation of dissolved iron measurements: focus on distributions and processes in the Southern Ocean. Biogeosciences, 9(6), 2333–2349. 10.5194/bg-9-2333-2012
Long, M. C., Moore, J. K., Lindsay, K., Levy, M., Doney, S. C., Luo, J. Y., Krumhardt, K. M., Letscher, R. T., Grover, M., & Sylvester, Z. T. (2021). Simulations With the Marine Biogeochemistry Library (MARBL). Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 13(12). 10.1029/2021ms002647

Nutrients

Ocean carbon fluxes

Plankton

Phytoplankton biomass